The Application of Blockchain Technology in Power Systems

Energy Markets Overview

 

Due to the centralised structure of energy systems with large-scale industrial and commercial loads and because of the environmental concerns, power generation centers have been located far from the load centers. High-Voltage (HV) transmission lines and power distribution networks are used to transfer the generated power to the load centers. Traditionally, energy systems with a centralised structure have been capable of delivering power with higher efficiency with the use of fossil fuels.

 

There are three technological trends which are driving the transformation of the energy sector:

 

(1) the energy sector is becoming more electrified due to a shift away from the direct energy consumption of non-renewable energy sources for commercial sections

 

(2) the increasing deployment of RESs and DGs facilitates the decentralization of energy sector and increases the volatility of the operation of the power system in real time,

 

(3) the increased development of digital technologies makes large parts of the energy value chain digitalised

 

The grid has remained fundamentally the same for more than 130 years. The result is a centralised, rigid system that cannot effectively manage the variability of distributed energy resources and modern energy use and where maintaining balance becomes increasingly difficult as more complexity is added to the system. Managing this grid is like trying to centrally control the internet.

 

Digital and technological transformation enhances the real-time communication infrastructure between different nodes across the energy value chain. This allows new emerging technologies, such as Blockchain, to facilitate the rapid changes in the energy sector. As an example, Blockchain supports bidirectional information flow between different nodes in energy systems while streamlining transactions.

 

What is blockchain?

 

Centralised energy systems record the value of the transactions in central records.  Blockchain, by contrast, is a distributed and immutable ledger of transactions without the need for central governance and trusted third parties. In other words, instead of storing the data on some data servers, a copy of Blockchain can be stored locally by each participant (the peers) of the distributed network. There is a continuous growth in the chain of data records when new blocks are validated and attached to the chain. The peers of the distributed network are capable of verifying the validity of each block in the chain using a cryptographic hashing algorithm. Blockchain offers substantial changes in current energy systems by supporting decentralisation and a highly secure information flow.

 

Once a transaction is added to a Blockchain, it is impossible to alter it with todays computing power. Therefore, the ledger cannot be modified or tampered with by peers of the distributed network.

Source: equigy.com

 

Consensus

 

The Blockchain ledger is maintained by the connected parties agreeing to all changes, that is forming a consensus regarding changes.  This consensus is reached when all or the majority of the peers agree on the same state (version) of the ledger. There is a need for a predetermined protocol for a distributed network to reach consensus on including a transaction, handling some pieces of data, and transferring the ownership.

 

There are several attempts to use different algorithms, such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Proof of Authority (PFA) and many more, to solve the consensus problem. However, difficulty, cost, and validation time are their major issues, which all depend on the Blockchain design.

 

Potential Application of Blockchain to Energy Markets

 

Blockchain technology is an elegant protocol enabling people to verify information and transact directly with one another in a trust-less environment. Three important and fundamental characteristics of blockchain are security, transparency, and immutability. These aspects are what make blockchain technology unique and a potential solution for energy and power applications.

 

The absence of a third-party can result in cost, operational and market efficiencies. It could be applied to almost any market, in theory. In the energy sector, dozens of companies are attempting to use blockchain for asset registry, peer-to-peer trading, grid-level transactions, energy financing, electric vehicle charging and renewables tracking.

 

A more open and decentralised system is urgently needed, where the grid itself becomes the ‘internet of energy’. A platform based on decentralised control and permissionless innovation, while maintaining the strict reliability and security requirements, is essential to such critical infrastructure. A system that adapts to and enables new technologies and patterns of use, not the other way around.

 

The table below lists some of the potential ways in which blockchain technology can mitigate the current market shortcomings.

 

Current Market Shortcoming	Possible Role for Blockchain
Electricity market prices are lower than the actual total cost of production	Combined with IoT, securely records, stores and shares information about the time of generation/demand, location, type of generation/demand and other aspects to carefully craft price signals to market participants
Effects of large scale RES integration into the electricity grid	Can be used for efficient, automated and decentralized grid management and control. Due to the presence of a large number of producing and/or consuming entities present in the distribution grid, blockchains can be used to improve balancing of supply and demand, automated verification of grid assets, improving the visibility of distributed resources and assets and better coordination between TSO & DSO
Power resource adequacy	Cryptocurrencies can be used to ‘tokenize’ assets to create innovative and new markets or business models based on co-ownership and sharing of assets.
Increased coordination between System Operators (SOs)	Blockchain can achieve efficient, automated and decentralized grid asset management and control, incl. improved balancing of supply and demand between different network levels and network areas
Integrating Demand Response for Ancillary Services	Design smart contracts to engage and reward willing customers to help in DR activity to maintain the grid more economically. Blockchains can help discard an incumbent intermediary and unlock a variety of markets for its participants.
Lack of residential Demand Response	Due to the data integrity and traceability provided by the blockchain technology, the costs, origin and the charges incurred are made more transparent. This leads to a better-informed consumer and opens up the potential for incentivizing behavioral change and DR.
Adequate cross-border power system data exchange	Cross border data exchange incurs costs as data flows through multiple intermediaries, adds time delays in decision making and potential loss of data. Blockchains can streamline the process by removing intermediaries, removing delays and maintaining data integrity as data is not transferred but immutably shared.

 

 

There is merit for blockchain in specific marginal use cases where it can optimise existing processes. However, blockchain can be integral to a systemic energy solution in one way — using the technology to better manage the connection between the physics (the electrons) and economics of energy, taking into consideration both the time and location of energy within the system. This requires sufficient visibility within the system itself, which can only be achieved by embedding the technology into the grid. No current blockchain for energy applications yet take this approach, let alone have the capability to deliver upon it, according to the World Energy Council’s recent blockchain report.

 

What is needed is a fit-for-purpose solution that is specifically designed to optimise the energy trilemma and deliver a sustainable energy system for all. This may be an architecture that inherently balances itself, using decentralised control of energy exchange enabled by blockchain, or something similar, but the solution must be determined by the system characteristics, not the other way around.

 

Current Blockchain implementations

 

The CIGRE C5.30 Working Group is just completing its study into operational projects which use blockchain in energy power systems. The graph below shows the functional areas where these projects have used blockchain technology.

 

 

Summary

 

Blockchain technology has the potential to enhance energy markets significantly. However, current implementations are quite small scale so there is significant development needed before any widespread implementation can be a significant disruptive force in this area.